Dr. Shivika Gupta1 and Dr. Lakshay Mahajan2
Many dogs and cats can harbour ectoparasites such as mites, lice, and fleas and are not bothered by their presence unless parasitic numbers are causing mechanical irritation. Flea allergic dermatitis (FAD) is one of the most common and frustrating skin conditions that can affect your furry friend. If your dog is constantly scratching, chewing, and biting at their skin, they might be suffering from this itchy ailment. However, it is preventable and treatable. Control is based on treatment and prevention of flea infestations, along with supportive care for dermatitis. Here’s everything you need to know about FAD, from identifying the symptoms to finding effective treatments and control.
What is Flea Allergy Dermatitis in dogs?
FAD also known as flea bite hypersensitivity is an allergic reaction to flea saliva injected by the bites of fleas. The prevalence of flea allergy dermatitis (FAD) depends on geographic location and ranges from one of the most commonly diagnosed allergic dermatoses seen in both dogs and cats or not occurring at all in areas that do not have fleas. FAD is most prevalent in the summer, although in warm climates flea infestations may persist throughout the year. Even a single flea bite can trigger intense itching and discomfort in a dog with this allergy.
Signs of a Flea Allergy in Dogs
Clinical signs associated with FAD are variable and depend on frequency of flea exposure, duration of disease, presence of secondary or other concurrent skin disease(s), extent of hypersensitivity, and effects of previous or current treatment. Clinical signs can be either a seasonal problem or can be year-round depending on environmental conditions. The primary symptom of FAD is intense itching, particularly around the base of the tail, lower back, thighs, and abdomen.
- Intense Itching and Scratching: Dogs with FAD will scratch, bite, and lick their skin excessively, often focusing on the back, tail, and hindquarters.
- Red, Inflamed Skin: The affected areas may appear red, swollen, and irritated.
- Hair Loss: Constant scratching and biting can lead to hair loss, particularly around the tail base and hind legs.
- Hot Spots: These are localized areas of inflamed and infected skin that can be painful and ooze pus.
- Scabs and Sores: Repeated scratching and biting can cause open sores and scabs to form on the skin.
What if I Don’t See Fleas on My Dog?
It’s not uncommon to miss seeing fleas on your dog even if they are suffering from flea allergic dermatitis (FAD). Fleas are tiny, fast-moving, and adept at hiding in your dog’s fur, so they can be difficult to spot. Even a single flea bite can trigger intense itching and discomfort in a dog with this allergy.
How Does your Vet Diagnose a Flea Allergy in Dogs?
Unless fleas or flea dirt (flea feaces) are found on the pet, it may be difficult to convince owners that their pet may be dealing with FAD. If you suspect your dog has flea allergic dermatitis, it’s essential to visit your veterinarian for a proper diagnosis. The vet may conduct a physical examination, review your dog’s medical history, and perform tests such as skin scrapings or allergy tests to confirm FAD. Examination of the pet’s bedding for eggs, larvae, and excrement is also useful. Specialized blood tests (lgE blood tests) and intradermal skin testing may be used to support a presumptive diagnosis of FAD. That said, this testing is only required in some cases as signs of flea allergy dermatitis are usually quite clear and response to treatment is typically quick.
FAD must be differentiated from other causes of dermatologic disease. The presence of fleas or a positive reaction to an intradermal test does not exclude the presence of another dermatologic disease responsible for the clinical signs. Once diagnosed, the primary goal of treatment is to eliminate the fleas and manage the allergic reaction.
Treatment of Flea Allergic dermatitis in dogs
Corticosteroids are often used to treat sudden or acute episodes of extremely itchy flea allergy dermatitis, as they often bring about long-awaited relief. However, using steroids can lead to significant potential side effects. In severe cases, antibiotics might be necessary to treat secondary bacterial infections.
Some steroids such as prednisone can be used safely for short-term relief while you introduce flea control. For many patients, treatment plans include combining antihistamines with corticosteroids and/or omega/fatty acid supplements with the goal of using the lowest dosage of corticosteroids as possible, as infrequently as possible, preferably once every three days or so, or on an alternating schedule.
How to prevent flea allergic dermatitis in dogs
The cornerstone of managing FAD is rigorous flea control. This involves treating your dog, home, and yard. This includes using flea preventatives, such as topical treatments, oral medications, and flea collars. It’s important to treat all pets in the household to prevent the spread of fleas. Regularly vacuum your home and wash your dog’s bedding in hot water to remove flea eggs and larvae. Consider using flea sprays or foggers for your home and yard to eliminate fleas at all life stages. Bathing your dog with hypoallergenic or medicated shampoos can soothe irritated skin. Omega-3 fatty acid supplements may also help improve skin health and reduce inflammation.
Conclusion
Flea allergic dermatitis can be a challenging condition to manage, but with the right approach, your dog can enjoy a happier, healthier life. By staying vigilant and proactive in flea control, you can minimize your dog’s discomfort and prevent future flare-ups. Having a pruritic pet can be frustrating, stressful, and concerning; it is a common reason for clients to seek veterinary care. Your dog depends on you for their well-being, and with proper care, you can keep those pesky fleas at bay and ensure your furry friend stays happy and itch-free!
About the Authors:
1PhD Scholar, Department of Veterinary Medicine, DUVASU, Mathura-281001
2Veterinary Officer, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli
Corresponding author: shivikagupta975@gmail.com